An Examination of Local Community Perceptions Regarding the Effects of Tourism Development and Expansion: A Case Study of the World Heritage Village of Meymand

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 Assistant Professor, Department of Iranian Studies, Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan, Rafsanjan, Iran

2 Department of Geography, Faculty of Geography, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran

3 Tourism Management Department, Faculty of Management, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran

Abstract

Introduction
In recent years, tourism development has increasingly been recognized as a strategic approach for empowering local communities and improving the quality of life in rural areas. Advances in transportation, communication technologies, and infrastructure have expanded access to remote and less-developed settlements, including rural regions, thereby creating new opportunities for economic diversification and local development. Within this context, the active participation of local communities is widely acknowledged by scholars and policymakers as a fundamental principle of sustainable tourism development. Local residents serve not only as service providers and cultural hosts, but their perceptions and attitudes toward tourism also play a decisive role in the success or failure of tourism development initiatives. Consequently, tourism planning that overlooks the perspectives of host communities is unlikely to achieve sustainable outcomes. Tourism development can have both positive and negative consequences for host communities, influencing local lifestyles, value systems, and social behaviors. Therefore, understanding residents’ perceptions and attitudes toward tourism is an essential prerequisite for sustainable tourism planning. Previous studies have identified several key factors shaping local perceptions of tourism development, including perceived economic benefits, improvements in quality of life, interactions between residents and tourists, place attachment, local control over tourism processes, and cultural identity. The historical village of Meymand, recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, represents one of the oldest continuously inhabited troglodytic settlements in the world and a distinctive rural tourism destination in Iran. Its unique architectural morphology, rich historical heritage, and distinctive cultural traditions have made it an important tourist attraction. However, tourism development in such a culturally and environmentally sensitive context requires a comprehensive understanding of how local residents perceive the economic, sociocultural, environmental, and physical–spatial consequences of tourism growth. Accordingly, the primary objective of this study is to examine local residents’ perceptions of the impacts of tourism development in the World Heritage village of Meymand, focusing on four key dimensions: economic, sociocultural, environmental, and physical impacts of tourism from the perspective of the host community.
 

Methodology

This study adopts a descriptive–analytical approach and is classified as applied research. From a philosophical standpoint, the research follows a positivist paradigm and employs a survey-based research strategy. The study uses a quantitative method, and data were collected through a structured questionnaire. The statistical population consisted of local residents, tourism stakeholders, tour guides, and tourism professionals in the World Heritage village of Meymand, located in Shahr‑e Babak County, Kerman Province, Iran. Due to the limited number of knowledgeable respondents, a census (full enumeration) approach was adopted, resulting in 30 completed questionnaires. The conceptual framework of the study considers “destination tourism characteristics” as a higher‑order construct composed of five dimensions: local residents’ compatibility with tourists (11 items), economic capacity of tourism (5 items), tourists’ sense of responsibility (5 items), positive impacts of tourism (5 items), and negative impacts of tourism (36 items). Additionally, two constructs were examined as outcome variables: local community satisfaction (6 items) and local community commitment (6 items). Data were analyzed using structural equation modeling (SEM) through Smart‑PLS software, which enabled the assessment of both measurement and structural models. The geographical context of the research is the historical village of Meymand, situated at an altitude of approximately 2,220 meters above sea level on the southern slope of the extinct Massahim volcano. The village is carved into volcanic tuff rocks, forming a distinctive troglodytic settlement comprising approximately 340 hand‑excavated residential units arranged in five tiers. These rock dwellings are resistant to environmental conditions such as wind, rain, and fire, while maintaining relatively stable internal temperatures. Meymand’s cultural landscape reflects a long-standing human–environment interaction system spanning several millennia and characterized by a three‑stage seasonal migration pattern. The winter settlement consists of hand‑carved residential caves known as “Kiches,” while summer pastures and transitional spring and autumn settlements occupy distinct ecological zones, demonstrating adaptive architectural and livelihood strategies. The settlement also includes communal structures such as mosques, bathhouses, and Husayniyyahs. This integrated and sustainable relationship between humans and nature highlights the importance of understanding local perceptions of tourism development, particularly given the increasing number of tourist arrivals and the village’s unique cultural and environmental context.
 

Findings

The analysis of demographic characteristics revealed that the majority of respondents were male and most belonged to the 20–30 age group. In terms of educational attainment, the largest proportion of respondents held a bachelor’s degree, indicating that the sample represented a relatively young and educated segment of the local population. Descriptive statistical analysis showed that the mean values for most questionnaire items exceeded 3 on the Likert scale, indicating a generally positive perception of tourism-related impacts among respondents. Skewness and kurtosis statistics confirmed that the data followed a normal distribution and were appropriate for further statistical modeling. The evaluation of the measurement model indicated that all factor loadings were greater than 0.5. Cronbach’s alpha and composite reliability values for all constructs exceeded the acceptable threshold of 0.7, confirming the internal consistency and reliability of the measurement instrument. Furthermore, the average variance extracted (AVE) values for most constructs were above 0.5, supporting convergent validity. Discriminant validity, assessed using the Fornell–Larcker criterion, confirmed that all constructs were empirically distinct from one another. In the structural model analysis, path coefficients and t-values were examined to test the relationships among the study variables. The results indicated that local residents’ perceptions of the economic impacts of tourism had a significant positive influence on their acceptance of tourism development, with t-values exceeding the critical threshold of 1.96. Similarly, sociocultural impacts demonstrated a positive and statistically significant relationship with overall attitudes toward tourism development. In contrast, environmental impacts, although exhibiting acceptable factor loadings, did not show a statistically significant influence on residents’ overall perceptions. Overall, the structural model demonstrated satisfactory fit, and the results largely supported the proposed research hypotheses.
 

Discussion and Conclusion

The findings indicate that local perceptions of tourism development in Meymand encompass both positive and negative perspectives. On the one hand, residents acknowledge the economic benefits and development opportunities generated by tourism. On the other hand, they remain concerned about potential threats to the cultural, social, and environmental integrity of the village. These results suggest that tourism development in Meymand must be carefully planned with sensitivity to both cultural heritage and environmental sustainability. Active involvement of the local community in tourism planning and decision‑making processes is essential for ensuring balanced and sustainable development. Establishing effective communication channels between local residents, planners, and governmental authorities, providing educational programs to enhance residents’ capacity for interacting with tourists, and promoting the responsible and sustainable use of local resources are among the key strategies recommended for sustainable tourism management. Overall, this study highlights the critical importance of incorporating host community perceptions into tourism policymaking and destination management, particularly in rural areas with World Heritage status, where cultural authenticity and environmental sustainability are central to long‑term tourism viability.

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

Abbasi, H., & Seyedinejad, F. (2023). Community-based tourism based on social exchange theory. Contemporary Research in Science and Research Monthly, 5(46). https://civilica.com/doc/1712129/. [In Persian]
Abdollahi, H. (2020). The impact of cultural intelligence on tourism and sustainable development of rural areas. In Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Tourism, Culture, and Art. https://civilica.com/doc/1143129/. [In Persian]
Abdollahzadeh, G., Salehi, K. and Gharaghani, T. (2016). Analyzing Environmental impacts of tourism development in rural areas and its determinants case of Aqso area in Golestan province). Geography and Environmental Planning, 27(2), 147-170. doi: 10.22108/gep.2016.21821. [In Persian]
Adeli, S. (2012). Residents` Attitude Toward Tourism and its Impacts Case study: Fahadan district. Journal of Fine Arts: Architecture & Urban Planning, 17(4), 1-15. doi: 10.22059/jfaup.2012.36368. [In Persian]
Aghandeh, M. A., & Farmani Ardahaei, R. (2017). Examining the role of local community participation in sustainable rural tourism development. The First National Conference on the Role of Accounting, Economics, and Management, Tabriz. https://civilica.com/doc/694590. [In Persian]
Alizadeh, M., Oroji, H. and Keshavarz, M. (2024). Identifying And Explaining Effective Mental Patterns in The Development of Film Tourism in Rural Areas (Case Study: Kazaj Village, Khalkhal County). Journal of Tourism and Development, 13(1), 219-239. doi: 10.22034/jtd.2023.409707.2805. [In Persian]
Ameni, A., bakhti, S. and babajamali, F. (2015). Evaluating the host community's attitude towards tourism development in rural areas, Tourism Management Studies, 10(30), -. https://tms.atu.ac.ir/article_3586.html?lang=fa. [In Persian]
Amini A, Zeidi Z. (2015). Residents Attitude towards the Cultural Impacts of Tourism Development in Rural Areas (Case study: Abyaneh Village). GeoRes, 30 (2):13-32 URL: http://georesearch.ir/article-1-168-fa.html . [In Persian]
Amiri, S., Garakani, S. A. H., Zinati Fakhrabad, H. and Ghorbani, M. (2024). Assessment and explanation of the influential dimensions of social capital in the process of rural areas development (Case study: Dasht-e Arzaneh District, Bakharz County). Village and Space Sustainable Development, 5(1), 98-112. doi: 10.22077/vssd.2023.6035.1165 [In Persian]
Andereck, K. L., & Vogt, C. A. (2000). The relationship between residents’ attitudes toward tourism and tourism development options. Journal of Travel Research, 39(1), 27–36. https://doi.org/10.1177/004728750003900104
Andereck, K. L., Valentine, K. M., Knopf, R. C., & Vogt, C. A. (2005). Residents’ perceptions of community tourism impacts. Annals of Tourism Research, 32(4), 1056–1076.
Ap, J. (1992). Residents' perceptions on tourism impacts. Annals of Tourism Research, 19(4), 665–690.
Ashrafi, M. (2022). Architectural Sustainability in the Cultural Landscape of Maymand. Journal of Iranian Architecture Studies, 9(17), 97-122. doi: 10.22052/9.17.97. [In Persian]
Azimi, S. and Partovi, P. (2021). Developing Social Sustainability Conceptual Framework of the Tourism Host Community Residents. Armanshahr Architecture & Urban Development, 14(34), 207-220. doi: 10.22034/aaud.2019.203488.2005. [In Persian]
Bakhshi, H., & Hashemian, M. (2022). Examining the impact of tourists' interactive experience on their attitude toward the host community (Case study: Mashhad). Tourism Social Studies, 14(7), 0-0. https://civilica.com/doc/1882924/. [In Persian]
Barzegar, Zahra, Nemati, Mohammad Ali, Bazregar, Mohammad Reza. (2015) Investigating the Quality of Earth Utilization in Vernacular Buildings with an Approach to Climatic Parameters (Case studies: Kandowan, Dastkandmeymand and Biahpish Villages). Hoviatshahr, (20),89-100. [In Persian]
Behboudi Eisalou, S. (2017). Examining the role of local community participation in sustainable tourism development. The First International Conference on Tourism, Geography, and Clean Environment, Hamedan. Retrieved from https://civilica.com/doc/691517. [In Persian]
Buckley, R. (2012). Sustainable Tourism: Research and Reality. Annals of Tourism Research, 39(2), 548-556.
Byrd, E. T. (2007). Stakeholders in sustainable tourism development and their roles: Applying stakeholder theory to sustainable tourism development. Tourism Review, 62(2), 6–13.
Chi, C. G. qing, Cai, R., & Li, Y. (2017). Factors influencing residents’ subjective well- being at World Heritage Sites. Tourism Management, 63, 209–222. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.tourman.2017.06.019.
Cohen, E., & Cohen, S. A. (2012). Current sociological theories and issues in tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 39(4), 2177–2202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. annals.2012.07.009.
Colabi, A. M. (2022). Presenting a Model of Sustainable Tourism Ecosystem: A Meta-Synthesis Approach. Tourism Management Studies, 17(57), 179-206. doi: 10.22054/tms.2021.63700.2618. [In Persian]
Cronin, J.J. Jr and Taylor, S.A. (1992), Measuring service quality: a reexamination and extension, The Journal of Marketing, 56)3(, 55-68.
Dehghani, F, Jafariniya G, Shamsoddini A. (2023) An analysis on the impact of community-oriented tourism in the development of the coastal villages of Tangestan city from the perspective of the local community. International journal of urban and rural management; 21 (68):57-78
URL: http://ijurm.imo.org.ir/article-1-3251-fa.html  [In Persian]
Dehghani, N., Ahmadi, M., & Farahani, H. (2024) Investigating the effects of tourism on rural areas; The case study of the central part of Baft County. Village and Space Sustainable Development, 5(3), 104-130. 10.22077/vssd.2024.7042.1218. [In Persian]
Dodds, R., & Butler, R. (2019). Overtourism: Issues, realities and solutions. De Gruyter Oldenbourg.
Eagly, A. H., & Chaiken, S. (1993). The psychology of attitudes. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich College Publishers.
Erul, E., & Woosnam, K. M. (2021). Explaining residents’ behavioral support for tourism through two theoretical frameworks. Journal of Travel Research. https://doi.org/ 10.1177/0047287520987619.
Farahani, H., Asdaghi Sareskanrood, Z., Mohammadi Yegane, B. and Cheraghi, M. (2024). Analysis of factors affecting the revitalization and empowerment of local communities through sustainable tourism using Grounded Theory, a case study of Tarom County. Economic Geography Research, (Articles in Press,) , -. 10.30470/jegr.2024.2043915.1231. [In Persian]
Gabriel Brida, J., Osti, L., & Faccioli, M. (2011). Residents’ perception and attitudes towards tourism impacts: A case study of the small rural community of Folgaria (Trentino – Italy). Benchmarking: An International Journal, 18(3), 359–385. https://doi.org/10.1108/14635771111137769.
Giampiccoli, A. & Saymaan, M. (2017). Community-based tourism, responsible tourism, and infrastructure development and poverty. Afr J Hosp Tour Leisure
González, M. A., et al. (2020). Perceptions of Tourism Development and Its Impact on Local Communities: A Case Study of Coastal Destinations in Spain. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 15, 100-110.
Gössling, S., Scott, D., & Hall, C. M. (2020). Pandemics, tourism and global change: a rapid assessment of COVID-19. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2020.1758708.
Greenwood, D. J. (1989). Culture by the pound: An anthropological perspective on tourism as cultural commoditization. In V. L. Smith (Ed.) , Hosts and guests: The anthropology of tourism, 171–186. University of Pennsylvania Press.
Gursoy, D., Jurowski, C., & Uysal, M. (2002). Resident attitudes: A structural modeling approach. Annals of Tourism Research, 29(1), 79–105.
Gyunghoon Kim, Lauren N. Duffy, DeWayne Moore, Importance of residents’ perception of tourists in establishing a reciprocal resident-tourist relationship: An application of tourist attractiveness, Tourism Management, 94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2022.104632.
He, X., Su, L., & Swanson, S. R. (2020). The service quality to subjective well-being of Chinese tourists' connection: A model with replications. Current Issues in Tourism, 23 (16), 2076–2092. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2020.1755240.
Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M., & Sinkovics, R. R. (2009). The use of partial least squares path modeling in international marketing. Advances in Interna- tional Marketing, 20, 277–320.
Jamshidi Moghadam, Y., & Rezaei, M. R. (2024). The effect of noise pollution on the environment. https://civilica.com/doc/2000790 [In Persian]
Khazaei, F., Moshki, A., & Najjarzade, M. (2023). The role of local management in the economic development through ecotourism (A case study of Savojbolagh city). Village and Space Sustainable Development, 4(3), 137-158. 10.22077/vssd.2023.5990.1163 [In Persian]
Kiani salmi, S., sadeghiyan, N., & Norouzi, A. (2020). Identifying the function and mechanism of the effect of tourism on supporting destination society with variable of consent mediator. Urban Structure and Function Studies, 7(24), 205-229. doi: 10.22080/usfs.2020.17189.1863. [In Persian]
Kim, G., Duffy, L. N., & Moore, D. (2020). Tourist attractiveness: Measuring residents’ perception of tourists. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 28(6), 898–916. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2019.1708919
Lehto, X., Davari, D., & Park, S. (2020). Transforming the guest–host relationship: A convivial tourism approach. International Journal of Tourism Cities, 6(4), 1069–1088. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJTC-06-2020-0121.
Long, P. H. (2011). Perceptions of tourism impact and tourism development among residents of Cuc Phuong National Park, Ninh Binh, Vietnam. Journal of Ritsumeikan Social Sciences and Humanities, 3, 75–92.
Luo, X., Brown, G., Huang, S., & Sam. (2015). Host perceptions of backpackers:  Examining the influence of intergroup contact. Tourism Management, 50, 292–305. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2015.03.009.
Mangeli, Mohammad, Abouei, Reza, & Mehdizadeh Saradj, Fatemeh. (2018). New Look at Unique Characteristics of Iran’s Rock-cut Architecture Settlements With (Case Study: The Worls Heritage Site of Meymand village, Shahr Babak). Journal Of the Studies of Human Settlements Planning (Journal of Geographical Landscape),12(4 (41)) , 785-802. SID. https://sid.ir/paper/176014/en. [In Persian]
McCool, S. F., & Martin, S. R. (1994). Community attachment and attitudes toward tourism development. Journal of Travel Research, 32(3), 29–34.
Mirtaghian Rudsari, S. M., Farokhian, F. and Naghavi, M. (2020). Investigation of Residents' Behavior towards Tourists during COVID-19 Outbreak. Tourism Management Studies, 15(0), 115-143. doi: 10.22054/tms.2020.52929.2332. [In Persian]
Mohammadpour, N., Rajabzadeh, A., Azar, A. and Zargham Boroujeni, H. (2018). Developing the Host Society’s Satisfaction Model of Tourism Development (Case Study: Residents of Lahijan Town). urban tourism, 5(1), 127-141. doi: 10.22059/jut.2018.209574.227. [In Persian]
Monterrubio, C. (2019). Hosts and guests’ social representations of nudism: A mutual gaze approach. Annals of Tourism Research, 75, 18–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. annals.2018.12.011.
Moradi S, Faraji F, Fadaei Nezhad Bahramjerdi S. a Competent Management Framework for WHS of Maymand Cultural Landscape. CIAUJ 2023; 8 (2):197-222
URL: http://ciauj-tabriziau.ir/article-1-501-fa.html. [In Persian]
Mowforth, M., & Munt, I. (2016). Tourism and Sustainability: Development, Globalisation and New Tourism in the Third World. Routledge.
Nadali Pour, Z., & Rouzrokh, V. (2017). Examining local community attitudes towards the socio-cultural impacts of tourism: A case study of Tuyserkan County. Tourism and Leisure, 4(8), 68-87. https://tlj.usc.ac.ir/article_129831.html [In Persian]
Nasiri hendehkaleh, E. (2020). The Effect of the Quality of Host Community Behavior on the Satisfaction and Loyalty of Urban Tourists Case Study: Baam Sabz Recreation Complex of Lahijan City. urban tourism, 7(2), 113-126. doi: 10.22059/jut.2019.264715.526. [In Persian]
Nikbin, M. (2024). Identifying the Implementation Barriers of Sustainable Tourism Development Policies in Iran. Tourism and Leisure Time, 9(17), 1-19. doi: 10.22133/tlj.2024.427422.1132 [In Persian]
Ramkissoon, H., Smith, L. D. G., & Weiler, B. (2013). Relationships between place attachment, place satisfaction and pro-environmental behaviour in an Australian national park. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 21(3), 434–457. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2012.708042
Rasoolimanesh, S. M., & Jaafar, M. (2016). Residents’ perception toward tourism development: A pre-development perspective. Journal of Place Management and Development, 9(1), 91–104. https://doi.org/10.1108/JPMD-10-2015-0045
Ribeiro, M. A., Pinto, P., Silva, J. A., & Woosnam, K. M. (2017). Residents’ attitudes and the adoption of pro-tourism behaviours: The case of developing island countries. Tourism Management, 61, 523–537. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2017.03.004.
Roumiani, A., Monazzam Ismailpour, A., Abbas Rashid, K. and amraie, M. (2025). Analysis of the Impact of Local Community Support on the Development of Tourism-Targeted Villages in Zanjan Province. Village and Space Sustainable Development, 6(1), 117-140. doi: 10.22077/vssd.2024.7753.1257. [In Persian]
Sadeghi, H., & Ghanbari, Y. (2024). The Impact of Travel Characteristics and Environmental Features on the Duration of Tourist Stays in the Sheyvand Village of Dezpart County. Village and Space Sustainable Development, 5(2), 74-95. 10.22077/VSSD.2024.6908.1213 [In Persian]
Sadeghi, M. and Ghaedamini Harouni, A. (2020). Identifying the negative cultural effects of tourism on the host community (Case study: Deh Cheshmeh village). Tourism Management Studies, 15(52), 263-308. 10.22054/tms.2021.50908.2291 [In Persian]
Sarah Habibtabar Bisheh, Mehdi Ramezanzadeh Lasboyee, (2024). Place Attachment and Attitude Towards Tourism Development and Promotion of Environmental Responsible Behavior, Case Study: Babolsar city, journal of Urban environment planning and development, 3(12), 53-72. magiran.com/p2719246 [In Persian]
Shamsoddini, A. and Dehghani, F. (2024). Assessment of the Impact of Community-Based Tourism on the Economic, Social, and Cultural Empowerment of Women (Case Study: Coastal Villages of Bushehr Province). Spatial Planning, 14(2), 125-162. 10.22108/sppl.2024.138517.1738. [In Persian]
Sharpley, R. (2014). Host perceptions of tourism: A review of the research. Tourism Management, 42, 37–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2013.10.007.
Simoni, V. (2013). Revisiting hosts and guests: Ethnographic insights on touristic encounters from Cuba. Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends, 6(2), 39–62.
Sparks, B. (2007). Planning a wine tourism vacation? Factors that help to predict tourist behavioural intentions, Tourism Management, 28)5(, 1180-1192.
Stylidis, D., Biran, A., Sit, J., & Szivas, E. M. (2014). Residents’ support for tourism development: The role of residents’ place image and perceived tourism impacts. Tourism Management, 45, 260–274. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2014.05.006.
Taghdisi, A., Taghvaei, M. and Piri, S. (2012). Analytic attitude Host Community Social effects - cultural tourism Dalahoo Township. Spatial Planning, 2(1), 121-140. https://sppl.ui.ac.ir/article_15916.html?lang=fa. [In Persian]
Tavalaee, S., Soleimany, M., Jahani Dowlatabad, R. and Jahani Dowlatabad, E. (2017). The role of participation in sustainable tourism industry (Case study: Sarein). Human Geography Research, 49(1), 95-113. 10.22059/jhgr.2017.53814 [In Persian]
Tosun, C. (2002). Host perceptions of impacts: A comparative tourism study. Annals of Tourism Research, 29(1), 231–253.
Vargas-S´anchez, A., Porras-Bueno, N., & Plaza-Mejía, M. D. L. ´A. (2011). Explaining residents’ attitudes to tourism: Is a universal model possible? Annals of Tourism Research, 38(2), 460–480. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2010.10.004.
Williams, D. R., & Vaske, J. J. (2003). The measurement of place attachment: Validity and generalizability of a psychometric approach. Forest Science, 49(6), 830–840.
Woosnam, K. M. (2012). Using emotional solidarity to explain residents’ attitudes about tourism and tourism development. Journal of Travel Research, 51(3), 315–327. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287511410351.
WTTC (2023). Economic impact of travel and tourism. World Travel and Tourism Council.
Zahra Raisi dehkordi, Sayed Naser Hejazi, Mohammadali Chitsaz, (2021). An Analysis on the Relationship between Sustainable Tourism Development and Improvement of Social Welfare Indicators (Case Study: Koohrang City Villages), Journal of Socio -Cultural Development Studies, 8(4), 151-179. magiran.com/p2288364
Zaman, U., & Aktan, M. (2021). Examining residents’ cultural intelligence, place image and foreign tourist attractiveness: A mediated-moderation model of support for tourism development in cappadocia (Turkey). Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 46, 393–404. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2021.01.017.
Zare, R. (2024). Attitude of local residents towards the sustainable development of rural tourism: Identification of opportunities and challenges (Case study: Villages of Alborz Province). Rural Research, 15(2), 398-415. https://doi.org/10.22059/jrur.2024.368935.1891 [In Persian]

Files

History

  • Receive Date: 14 April 2025
  • Revise Date: 07 June 2025
  • Accept Date: 07 February 2026

Share

How to cite

Statistics