نقش گردشگری خانه‌های دوم در مدیریت بحران با رویکرد تاب‌آوری (مطالعه موردی: روستاهای زلزله‌زده شهرستان آوج)

بیگدلی, اعظم; محمدی یگانه, بهروز; عینالی, جمشید; چراغی, مهدی

doi:10.22077/vssd.2025.9671.1322

نقش گردشگری خانه‌های دوم در مدیریت بحران با رویکرد تاب‌آوری (مطالعه موردی: روستاهای زلزله‌زده شهرستان آوج)

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

¹ دانشجوی دکتری جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی روستایی، گروه آموزشی جغرافیا، دانشکده علوم انسانی، دانشگاه زنجان، زنجان، ایران

² دانشیار جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی روستایی، گروه آموزشی جغرافیا، دانشکده علوم انسانی، دانشگاه زنجان، زنجان، ایران

³ استادیار جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی روستایی، گروه آموزشی جغرافیا، دانشکده علوم انسانی، دانشگاه زنجان، زنجان، ایران

10.22077/vssd.2025.9671.1322

چکیده

گردشگری روستایی، به دلیل ماهیت کسب‌وکارهای خرد، نیاز به سرمایه‌گذاری محدود دارد و می‌تواند در توسعه روستایی، مدیریت بحران پس از سوانح طبیعی و ارتقای تاب‌آوری سکونتگاه‌های روستایی نقش مؤثری ایفا کند. این پژوهش باهدف بررسی تأثیر گردشگری مبتنی بر خانه‌های دوم بر مدیریت بحران و تاب‌آوری در 16 روستای زلزله‌زده سال 1381 شهرستان آوج (استان قزوین) انجام شد. مطالعه به دنبال پاسخ به دو سؤال است: 1) رابطه بین توسعه گردشگری و تاب‌آوری سکونتگاه‌های روستایی چیست؟ 2) توسعه گردشگری در کدام بعد تاب‌آوری (کالبدی، اقتصادی، اجتماعی - فرهنگی) بیشترین تأثیر را دارد؟ داده‌ها از طریق پرسشنامه، مشاهده مستقیم و مصاحبه جمع‌آوری و با آزمون‌های t تک‌نمونه‌ای، همبستگی و مدل معادلات ساختاری (SEM) تحلیل شدند. جامعه آماری شامل 4250 خانوار در روستاهای با حداقل 20 درصد خانه‌های دوم گردشگری بود که 352 نمونه به‌صورت تصادفی ساده انتخاب شدند. نتایج نشان داد که توسعه گردشگری در سطح 99 درصد بر تمام ابعاد تاب‌آوری تأثیر معنادار دارد و بیشترین اثر آن در بعد کالبدی با (میانگین 61/4) دیده میشود. تحلیل معادلات ساختاری نشان داد که شاخص کالبدی (405/0) بیشترین و شاخص اجتماعی - فرهنگی (202/0) کمترین تأثیر را بر تاب‌آوری دارند. این یافته‌ها بر نقش گردشگری در بهبود زیرساخت‌ها، تنوع اقتصادی و انسجام اجتماعی تأکید دارند. پیشنهادات شامل مدیریت مشارکتی گردشگری، نظارت بر حفظ جاذبه‌ها و حمایت مالی از کارآفرینان برای کاهش آسیب‌پذیری و تقویت تاب‌آوری است. گردشگری می‌تواند ابزاری راهبردی برای بازیابی و پایداری جوامع روستایی پس از سوانح باشد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

توسعه پایدار روستایی

عنوان مقاله [English]

The Role of Second-Home Tourism in Crisis Management from a Resilience Perspective: A Case Study of Earthquake-Affected Villages in Avaj County

نویسندگان [English]

Azam Bigdeli ¹
behroz mohammadi yeghaneh ²
Jamshid Einali ²
mahdi charaghi ³

¹ Ph.D. student of Geography and Rural Planning, Department of Geography, Faculty of Humanites, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran

² Associate Professor of Geography and Rural Planning, Department of Geography, Faculty of Humanites, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran

³ Assistant Professor of Geography and Rural Planning, Department of Geography, Faculty of Humanities, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran

چکیده [English]

Introduction
Tourism, as a location‑based socio‑economic activity, is among the economic sectors most vulnerable to natural disasters and the crises that follow them. Rural tourism, in particular, is generally classified by scholars as a small‑ and medium‑scale economic activity that is highly sensitive to environmental and social changes. Due to the close interaction between rural communities and their surrounding natural environment, rural tourism destinations are especially susceptible to both natural and human‑induced hazards. At the same time, a growing body of research suggests that the tourism sector and its associated infrastructure can function as an effective tool for disaster management. Tourism facilities may serve as strategic resources for reconstruction, recovery, and resilience in destinations affected by disasters. Accordingly, the United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNDRR) identifies tourism as one of the key industries capable of supporting disaster risk reduction and facilitating post‑disaster recovery and community development. In this context, tourism infrastructure and facilities can play an important role during crises by supporting emergency response operations and relief management in affected rural areas. Moreover, rural tourism—characterized by small‑scale enterprises, relatively low investment requirements, and a strong capacity to attract financial resources—can significantly contribute to the resilience of rural destinations during the reconstruction phase by creating employment opportunities and generating income. Therefore, the present study aims to investigate and empirically examine the role of tourism in earthquake disaster management with a particular focus on post‑disaster resilience in rural areas.

Methodology

This research is applied in terms of purpose and adopts a quantitative approach. The required data were collected through fieldwork, including direct observation and a structured questionnaire. Following a review of the theoretical literature and the identification of relevant indicators, a closed‑ended questionnaire was developed using a five‑point Likert scale. Data analysis was conducted using several statistical techniques, including the one‑sample t-test, Spearman correlation analysis, and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). The statistical population comprised all villages containing second homes used for tourism purposes located in Avaj Township. Based on field observations and information obtained from local administrators, 16 villages—mainly situated in the mountainous areas of Avaj Township and comprising a total of 4,250 households—were selected as the study sample. At the household level, the sample size was determined using Cochran’s formula with p and q values assumed to be 0.5, resulting in a sample of 352 households. Questionnaires were distributed through simple random sampling with the cooperation of village administrators in the selected villages.

Findings

A one‑sample t-test was used to evaluate the desirability of resilience indicators across three dimensions: socio‑cultural, economic, and physical. The results indicate that the mean values of all examined indicators exceed the benchmark value of 3 (representing the expected level of desirability) , and the differences were statistically significant at the 99% confidence level. Among the examined dimensions, the physical dimension of rural resilience demonstrated the highest mean value (4.6103), suggesting that tourism development has had the strongest influence on improvements in physical infrastructure. These findings indicate that the expansion of rural tourism has played a substantial role in enhancing resilience through its positive contribution to the reconstruction and recovery of damaged villages. Furthermore, correlation analysis revealed significant relationships at the 99% confidence level between rural tourism development and the three resilience dimensions. The correlation coefficients were 0.710 for physical resilience, 0.552 for economic resilience, and 0.375 for socio‑cultural resilience. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) results also indicate that tourism exerts positive and statistically significant effects on all three dimensions. Specifically, the path coefficient from tourism to the economic dimension was 0.28 (p < 0.01), indicating a moderate positive effect whereby increased tourism activity improves local economic conditions. The strongest effect was observed in the physical dimension, with a coefficient of 0.35 (p < 0.001), highlighting the prominent role of tourism in infrastructure development. The path from tourism to the socio‑cultural dimension showed a smaller but still significant positive effect (0.20, p < 0.05), suggesting that tourism contributes to strengthening social and cultural interactions within rural communities.

Discussion and Conclusion

The results of this study demonstrate that tourism development has a statistically significant relationship with rural resilience, with the strongest influence observed in the physical dimension (0.405) and the weakest in the socio‑cultural dimension (0.202). These findings are consistent with the results of Moradkhani et al. (2025) and Ziaei et al. (2021), who emphasize the role of tourism in improving infrastructure and promoting economic diversification in rural areas. Similarly, the SEM results show that physical variables have the highest weight within the resilience model, indicating the direct impact of tourism development on enhancing physical infrastructure. This finding aligns with the study by Goucher et al. (2024), which identifies tourism infrastructure as an important contributor to physical resilience in disaster‑affected areas. In addition, tourism has contributed to the diversification of the rural economy. Correlation analysis indicates a positive relationship between economic variables and tourism development, supporting the findings of Sapatra et al. (2023) and Aithal et al. (2023), who highlight the role of tourism in post‑disaster economic recovery. Overall, the results suggest that tourism plays a meaningful role across different stages of disaster management, particularly in post‑disaster economic reconstruction and livelihood recovery in the study area. Prior to disasters, tourism infrastructure can support community awareness, education, and preparedness. During disasters, tourism facilities such as accommodation units may serve as temporary relief centers, as was observed following the Avaj earthquake. In the post‑disaster phase, tourism contributes to recovery and resilience by attracting investment and creating employment opportunities. These findings are consistent with the work of Nair and Dilip (2020) and Kamaruddin et al. (2020), who identify tourism as an effective instrument for disaster management and community resilience.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

Disaster Management
Resilience
Rural Development
Rural Tourism
Crisis Management
Qazvin Province

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