بررسی چالش‌های کسب‌وکارهای گردشگری در نواحی مرزی منطقه اورامانات کردستان

Introduction
Tourism, as the largest and most complex industry in the world, as well as the diversity of its dimensions, which must be in accordance with the geographical features of the regions, requires special fields for planning and management. So that in areas where there are good potentials for the development of the tourism industry but it has not gone through a favorable process, we should look for elements and factors that have hindered the movement and dynamics or slowed down the flow of tourism. On the other hand, tourism businesses play an important role in economic development and local employment growth. Many threats expose these businesses to collapse and bankruptcy. In such a situation, identifying and examining the challenges of tourism businesses and providing appropriate solutions is the main axis for planning and strengthening the sustainability of these businesses. Therefore, examining the challenges of tourism businesses requires a systemic view of this sector, which if properly analyzed and addressed, the necessary conditions for its development will occur sooner than expected. In this regard, we can take as an example the border villages of Oramanat region, which due to the geographical location, the extraordinary architecture of these villages, the completely pristine and eye-catching nature, have become a huge tourist complex and many businesses have been formed in them, however, there are many problems such as Long administrative bureaucracies for starting a business, management problems in starting tourism projects; lack of proper legal laws and support for entrepreneurs; lack of proper communication infrastructures; The existence of social and cultural anomalies, natural crises such as floods and earthquakes, and human crises have caused most of the existing tourism businesses in the region to not have sustainability and stability of activity. Therefore, by examining the challenges involved in this field and providing suitable solutions as the main goal of the present research, it is necessary to reach a correct understanding of the challenges ahead in order to have the necessary effectiveness.
 Methodology
The current research is applied and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. In this research, the FMEA (Federal Emergency Management Agency) technique was used to assess the damage caused by tourism businesses, and in the stage of identifying the challenges related to tourism businesses, the damage caused by them and the solutions to reduce vulnerability, the library method, interview and observation were used. (Field) has been used and necessary information has been collected. Since the aim of the current research is based on the opinion of experts, the collection of information continued until reaching theoretical saturation with the (targeted) snowball method, and finally 20 people were selected. In this research, the statistical population included tourism professionals familiar with the process of tourism businesses; Therefore, the collection of information continued until reaching theoretical saturation with the (targeted) snowball method, and finally 20 people were selected. In the next step, the proposed solutions for action have been prioritized, for this purpose, the BWM model was used to determine the priority status of the indicators relative to each other and finally the weight of the indicators. Also, with the BWM method, the compatibility value of the indicators has been determined, so that its value is between 0-1, the closer this value is to zero, the greater the compatibility of the indicators.
Findings
Based on the findings of the research, 37 challenges (risks) have been identified in 4 components, of which only 6 challenges were at an acceptable level, while 31 challenges were at a serious and dangerous level; In the meantime, the unfair distribution of tourism income, the lack of laws and regulations to reduce environmental hazards and pollution, and the lack of attention to human resources have been the most severe. The proposals presented in order to organize and reduce the challenges of tourism business in Oramanat region showed that only five risks remained in an obvious state, while 26 risks were upgraded to a favorable state; In fact, by presenting 16 key proposals, 83% of obvious risks have been upgraded to an acceptable level. Therefore, it can be said that the proposed solutions can play an essential role in the field of organizing the challenges of tourism businesses in Oramanat. In the meantime, proposals for providing public, institutional, and technological infrastructures have been the most important solutions for organizing.
 Discussion and Conclusion
The results of the research using the risk assessment model (FMEA) have shown that 37 risks have been identified in four dimensions (economic, socio-cultural, environmental, managerial) which are in line with the researches of Brun et al., 2014 and Bruton et al. 2010, Safar Ali Akbari and Sadeghi, 1401 and Mohammadi, 1400, out of these 37 risks, 31 risks, equivalent to 83.7%, have been recognized at the obvious level (serious risk), which calls for the need to make policies and provide optimal solutions. does In this regard, based on the capabilities of the studied area, 16 solutions were proposed; The performance results of which have shown that 83.7% of the risks have been upgraded to an acceptable level and only 16% are still at the serious risk level, but the best performance in reducing risks (lack of management and lack of laws and regulations to reduce environmental risks and pollution, lack of attention to human resources and lack of training programs for tourism business owners) have been achieved in the amount of 549 units, 477 units and 468 units respectively, which is in accordance with the results of the research of Akbari et al. 1401 is aligned. In this regard, the favorable performance of the proposals to reduce the damages of the tourism business has caused them to be prioritized, so that based on the results of the BWM model, among the 16 solutions provided, the provision of public, institutional, technological infrastructure, and the improvement of the management of environmental destruction and business support by government and private institutions have been prioritized respectively, these things are in line with the researches of Hosseini Kohnouj et al., 1400, Akbari Arbatan, 2019. Finally, in order to reduce as much as possible, the damage caused by tourism businesses and improve the level of desirability in the region, the following suggestions are presented: the first step is to effectively support production and investment and ensure the return of capital with profit through the realization of the slogans of prosperity and jump in production. It is based on the support of businesses by public and private institutions. The second step is to develop and improve the infrastructure (institutional and information) in the region in long or short-term plans based on the favorable promotion of tourism businesses and the third step is to maintain the balance between the capabilities of Oramanat region and the tourism business through environmental management.