ارزیابی چالش‌های سرمایه‌گذاری در مناطق روستایی با تأکید بر گردشگری: مطالعه روستاهای هدف گردشگری در بخش الموت شهرستان قزوین

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکتری جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی روستایی، دانشگاه زنجان، زنجان، ایران

2 دانشیار جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی روستایی، دانشگاه زنجان، زنجان، ایران

3 دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی روستایی، دانشگاه زنجان، زنجان، ایران

چکیده

تأمین سرمایه و سرمایه‌گذاری در فعالیت‌های اقتصادی به‌ویژه گردشگری یکی از مهمترین چالش‌های توسعه پایدار مناطق روستایی در کشورهای در حال توسعه است. تحقیق حاضر با هدف ارزیابی چالش‌های سرمایه‌گذاری در گردشگری در مناطق روستایی انجام شده‌است. تحقیق حاضر از لحاظ هدف کاربردی و از نظر روش توصیفی– تحلیلی مبتنی بر گردآوری داده‌ها از طریق مشاهده مستقیم و تکمیل پرسشنامه است. جامعه آماری تحقیق شامل کلیه روستاهای هدف گردشگری بخش الموت (شهرستان قزوین) است که روش تمام‌شماری استفاده شده‌است. در سطح خانوار با توجه به داده‌های سرشماری نفوس و مسکن (1395)، از بین تعداد 918 خانوار ساکن، تعداد 271 مورد با بهره‌گیری از فرمول کوکران به‌عنوان نمونه انتخاب و پرسشنامه بر اساس محلات روستا با همکاری دهیاری به‌صورت تصادفی ساده توزیع شده‌است. برای تحلیل داده‌ها از آزمون t تک نمونه‌ای و تحلیل عاملی استفاده شده‌است. نتایج نشان داد که از بین چالش‌های سرمایه‌گذاری در گردشگری در مناطق روستایی در چهار بعد چالش‌های سیاسی- نهادی، اقتصادی، اجتماعی و زیرساختی، به‌ترتیب چالش‌های اقتصادی (4.72) و اجتماعی (4.67) بیشترین اهمیت را داشته‌اند. همچنین، نتایج تحلیل عاملی نشان داد که نتیجه حاصل از تقلیل 55 متغیر، معرف 9 عامل بوده که 68.3 درصد از واریانس را تبیین می‌کند. به‌طوری‌که، عامل "ضعف سیاسی و ناتوانی مسئولین محلی" با (17.2) درصد و "ضعف اطلاع رسانی و خدمات زیرساختی" با (12.15) درصد از واریانس به‌عنوان مهمترین عوامل تأثیرگذار در پایین بودن میزان سرمایه‌گذاری در گردشگری منطقه روستایی بخش الموت بوده است.

کلیدواژه‌ها


Abbas, S., Sohag, K., & Suleman, S. (2022). Income from international tourism and domestic investment in South Asia: evidence from heterogeneous panel econometrics. Current Issues in Tourism, 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2022.2071681
Adawiyah, W. R., Praptapa, A., Kusuma, P. D. I., & Sholikhah, Z. (2020). Promoting Local Potential as a Strategy to Develop Tourism Village. Geo Journal of Tourism and Geosites, 31(3), 1113-1118. DOI 10.30892/gtg.31324-547
Afrin, A., & Hassan, A. (2021). Development and Investment in the Tourism Industry of Bangladesh: Scenario and Prospect Analysis. In Tourism in Bangladesh: Investment and Development Perspectives (pp. 49-61). Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-1858-1_4
Al-Maruf, A., Pervez, A. K., Sarker, P. K., Rahman, M. S., & Ruiz-Menjivar, J. (2022). Exploring the Factors of Farmers’ Rural–Urban Migration Decisions in Bangladesh. Agriculture, 12(5), 722. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12050722
Amin, S., Al, F., Nihad, A., & Khan, F. (2020). An empirical investigation between foreign direct investment (FDI) and tourism in Bangladesh. Journal of Tourism Management Research7(1), 110-121. DOI: 10.18488/journal.31.2020.71.110.121
Amirentekhabi, S., Veisi, R., Sababkar, M., & Mahmaodinia, S. (2019). Determining tourism priorities and investment in selected rural tourism sites in Northwest Guilan. Journal of Studies of Human Settlements Planning, 14(2), 491-507. URL: http://jshsp.iaurasht.ac.ir/article_667897_en.html (In Persean).
Amirentekhabi, S., Veisi, R., Sababkar, M., & Mahmaodinia, S. (2019). Determining tourism priorities and investment in selected rural tourism sites in Northwest Guilan. Journal of Studies of Human Settlements Planning, 14(2), 491-507. (In Persean). URL: http://jshsp.iaurasht.ac.ir/article_667897_en.html
Anzules-Falcones, W., Caamana, D., & Dávalos, X. (2021). Understanding Tourism Business Venture in Rural Communities and the Contribution of Social Capital to its Performance: A Case Study of the Cotacachi-Cayapas Reserve in Ecuador. Academy of Strategic Management Journal, 20(3), 1-19.https://www.abacademies.org/articles/understanding-tourism-business-venture-in-rural-communities-and-the-contribution-of-social-capital-to-its-performance-a-case-study-10657.html
Armenski, T., Dwyer, L., & Pavluković, V. (2018). Destination Competitiveness: Public and Private Sector Tourism Management in Serbia. Journal of Travel Research, 57(3), 384-398. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287517692445
 Azhaman, I., & Petryshchenko, N. (2019). Development of construction investment in the rural area. Baltic journal of economic studies, 5(2), 1-9. doi: 10.30525/2256-0742/2019-5-2-1-9
Azwad, M. N. (2013). WWF World Wildlife Fund for Nature Organization Malaysia. Project Sustainable Management of Setiu Wetlands, Setiu – A wetland wonder. available at: http://www.wwf.org.my/about_wwf/what_we_do/freshwater_main/freshwater_conservin g_freshwater_habitats/projects_sustainable_management_of_setiu_wetlands/
Baković, N. (2020). Regional development of rural tourism: The case of the Gorska Hrvatska region. Naše gospodarstvo/Our economy, 66(2), 28-41. DOI: 10.2478/ngoe-2020-0009
Baležentis, T., Kriščiukaitienė, I., Baležentis, A., & Garland, R. (2012). Rural tourism development in Lithuania (2003–2010)-A quantitative analysis. Tourism Management Perspectives2, 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2012.01.001
Bird, K. (2019). Addressing spatial poverty traps. Overseas Development Institute, Chronic Poverty Advisory Network: London, UK. https://www.chronicpovertynetwork.org/
Bone, S. A., Christensen, G. L., Williams, J. D., Adams, S., Lederer, A., & Lubin, P. C. (2017). Policy Watch: Shaping Small Business Lending Policy through Matched-Pair Mystery Shopping. Journal of Public Policy & Marketing, 0743915618820561. https://doi.org/10.1177/0743915618820561
Brooks, M. M. (2021). Countering depopulation in Kansas: An assessment of the Rural Opportunity Zone program. Population Research and Policy Review, 40(2), 137-148. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11113-020-09572-0
Butler, G., Szili, G., & Huang, H. (2022). Cultural heritage tourism development in Panyu District, Guangzhou: community perspectives on pride and preservation, and concerns for the future. Journal of Heritage Tourism, 17(1), 56-73. https://doi.org/10.1080/1743873X.2021.1881524
Calhoun, J. R., O’Neill, M., & Douglas, A. C. (2018). An Examination of Second Language Education Provision among US and European Hospitality and Tourism Management Schools. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Education30(3), 184-193. https://doi.org/10.1080/10963758.2018.1438901
Castanho, R. A., Couto, G., Sousa, Á., Pimentel, P., & Batista, M. D. G. (2021). Assessing the impacts of the covid-19 pandemic over the azores region’s touristic companies. Sustainability, 13(17), 9647. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13179647
Cerquetti, M., Ferrara, C., Romagnoli, A., & Vagnarelli, G. (2022). Enhancing Intangible Cultural Heritage for Sustainable Tourism Development in Rural Areas: The Case of the “Marche Food and Wine Memories” Project (Italy). Sustainability, 14(24), 16893. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142416893
Chigbu, U. E., Klaus, M., & Magel, H. (2021). New hope and future for rural areas under COVID-19 circumstances? Rural development, pandemic liveability and reverse migration. In Land governance and gender: the tenure-gender nexus in land management and land policy (pp. 207-221). Wallingford UK: CABI. https://doi.org/10.1079/9781789247664.0017
Ćurčić, N., Mirković Svitlica, A., Brankov, J., Bjeljac, Ž., Pavlović, S., & Jandžiković, B. (2021). The role of rural tourism in strengthening the sustainability of rural areas: The case of Zlakusa village. Sustainability, 13(12), 6747. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13126747
Dašić, D., Živković, D., & Vujić, T. (2020). Rural tourism in development function of rural areas in Serbia. Економика пољопривреде, 67(3), 719-733. doi: 10.5937/ekoPolj2003719D
Deller, S., Kures, M., & Conroy, T. (2019). Rural entrepreneurship and migration. Journal of Rural Studies, 66, 30-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2019.01.026.
Dias, Á. L., Cunha, I., Pereira, L., Costa, R. L., & Gonçalves, R. (2022). Revisiting small-and medium-sized enterprises’ innovation and resilience during COVID-19: the tourism sector. Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity, 8(1), 11. https://doi.org/10.3390/joitmc8010011
Ehsanifar, T., Shahmoradi, M., Shahbazi, S. & Rostami, F. (2020). A Qualitative Analysis of Rural Tourism Challenges of Kermanshah Province. Journal of Rural Research10(4), 568-581. doi: 10.22059/jrur.2018.243187.1174 (In Persean).
Ehsanifar, T., Shahmoradi, M., Shahbazi, S. & Rostami, F. (2020). A Qualitative Analysis of Rural Tourism Challenges of Kermanshah Province. Journal of Rural Research10(4), 568-581. (In Persean). doi: 10.22059/jrur.2018.243187.1174
Einali, J., Charaghi, M., & Abbasi, F. (2020). Analysis of the Effects of Second Homes Tourism on the Economy of Rural Households Case study, Ijrud township; Zanjan Province, Journal of Studies of Human Settlements Planning, 14(49), 1149-1165. URL: http://jshsp.iaurasht.ac.ir/article_672253.html (In Persean).
Einali, J., Charaghi, M., & Abbasi, F. (2020). Analysis of the Effects of Second Homes Tourism on the Economy of Rural Households Case study, Ijrud township; Zanjan Province, Journal of Studies of Human Settlements Planning, 14(49), 1149-1165. (In Persean). URL: http://jshsp.iaurasht.ac.ir/article_672253.html
Einali, J., Cheraghi, M., & Azarakhsh, S. (2021). The Role of Transportation in Promoting Economic Competitiveness of Rural Tourism Destinations (Case Study: Tourism Target Villages of Kohgiluyeh and Boyerahmad Province). Journal of Tourism Planning and Development, 10(39). 10.22080/jtpd.2022.21728.3565 (In Persean).
Einali, J., Cheraghi, M., & Azarakhsh, S. (2021). The Role of Transportation in Promoting Economic Competitiveness of Rural Tourism Destinations (Case Study: Tourism Target Villages of Kohgiluyeh and Boyerahmad Province). Journal of Tourism Planning and Development, 10(39). 10.22080/jtpd.2022.21728.3565 (In Persean).
Eynali, J. & Roumiani, A. (2014). The role of financial investment in rural development, with an emphasis on tourism and second homes: County BuinZahra. Journal Space Economy & Rural Development, 3(7), 75-91. http://serd.khu.ac.ir/article-1-1953-fa.html (In Persean).
Eynali, J. & Roumiani, A. (2014). The role of financial investment in rural development, with an emphasis on tourism and second homes: County BuinZahra. Journal Space Economy & Rural Development, 3(7), 75-91. http://serd.khu.ac.ir/article-1-1953-fa.html (In Persean).
Faber, B., & Gaubert, C. (2019). Tourism and economic development: Evidence from Mexico’s coastline. American Economic Review, 109(6), 2245-2293. DOI: 10.1257/aer.20161434
Farahani, H. & Manoochehri, S. (2015). Identification of obstacles and problems of tourism development in rural areas of tourism goal in the West of Marivan County. Journal of Research & Rural Planning, 4(1), 161-172. http://jrrp.um.ac.ir/index.php/RRP/article/view/35823 (In Persian).
Gajić, T., Petrović, M. D., Radovanović, M. M., Tretiakova, T. N., & Syromiatnikova, J. A. (2020). Possibilities of turning passive rural areas into tourist attractions through attained service quality. European Countryside, 12(2), 179-192. DOI: 10.2478/euco-2020-0010
Guo, Y., Zhu, L., & Zhao, Y. (2023). Tourism entrepreneurship in rural destinations: measuring the effects of capital configurations using the fsQCA approach. Tourism Review, 78(3), 834-848. DOI: 10.1108/TR-07-2022-0333
Hafeznia, M. R. (2006). An introduction to research methods in humanities, SAMT Publications, Tehran, Iran. (In Persian).
Hall, C. M., & Seyfi, S. (2021). Tourism and sanctions. In Research handbook on economic sanctions (pp. 351-368). Edward Elgar Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781839102721.00028
Hamid, I., Alam, M. S., Murshed, M., Jena, P. K., Sha, N., & Alam, M. N. (2021). The roles of foreign direct investments, economic growth, and capital investments in decarbonizing the economy of Oman. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-17246-3
Hanson, J. H., Schutgens, M., & Baral, N. (2019). What explains tourists’ support for snow leopard conservation in the Annapurna Conservation Area, Nepal?. Human Dimensions of Wildlife24(1), 31-45. https://doi.org/10.1080/10871209.2019.1534293
Havadi Nagy, K. X., & Espinosa Segui, A. (2020). Experiences of community-based tourism in Romania: Chances and challenges. Journal of Tourism Analysis: Revista de Análisis Turístico, 27(2), 143-163. https://doi.org/10.1108/JTA-08-2019-0033
Ikram, M., Ferasso, M., Sroufe, R., & Zhang, Q. (2021). Assessing green technology indicators for cleaner production and sustainable investments in a developing country context. Journal of Cleaner Production, 322, 129090. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.129090
Iwu, C. G., Musikavanhu, T. B., & Handayani, R. A. D. (2018). Rural Tourism as a way to build Economic Independence. African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure, 7 (4). https://www.ajhtl.com/2018.html
Jackman, M., Lorde, T., Lowe, S., & Alleyne, A. (2011). Evaluating tourism competitiveness of small island developing states: a revealed comparative advantage approach. Anatolia22(3), 350-360. https://doi.org/10.1080/13032917.2011.626311
Javan, F. (2021). The Explantion of Tourism Benefits System Distribution Rezvanshahr Rural Area. Village and Space Sustainable Development, 2(2), 69-94. doi: 10.22077/vssd.2021.4838.1050. (In Persian).
Joppe, M., Brooker, E., & Thomas, K. (2015). Drivers of innovation in rural tourism: The role of good governance and engaged entrepreneurs. Journal of Rural and Community Development9(4). https://journals.brandonu.ca/jrcd/article/view/971/220
Juschten, M., Brandenburg, C., Hössinger, R., Liebl, U., Offenzeller, M., Prutsch, A.,... & Jiricka-Pürrer, A. (2019). Out of the city heat—way to less or more sustainable futures?. Sustainability, 11(1), 214. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11010214
Kamranifar, H., Ghasemi, M., & Hayati, S. (2016). An Analysis on Development Challenges of Cultural Tourism in Rural Areas (Case Study: Binaloud County). Journal of Research and Rural Planning5(2), 111-130. (In Persian). http://jrrp.um.ac.ir/index.php/RRP/article/view/4632
Kastenholz, E., Carneiro, M. J., Eussébio, C., & Figueiredo, E. (2020). Host–guest relationships in rural tourism: Evidence from two Portuguese villages. In Culture and Cultures in Tourism (pp. 177-190). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.1080/13032917.2013.769016
Kavoosi, E., Ghorbani Param, M. R., Miyanroo, M. R., Rajab Beigi, H., & Zarei, A. (2022). Investigating the situation of rural tourism in the Covid-19 period and its effects (Case: Tourism villages of Shiraz County). Village and Space Sustainable Development, 3(4), 65-81. doi: 10.22077/vssd.2022.5378.1113. (In Persian).
Khan, M. Y. H., Islam, S. T., & Hassan, A. (2021). Factors Influencing Capital Investment in the Bangladesh Tourism Industry. In Tourism in Bangladesh: Investment and Development Perspectives (pp. 63-78). Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-1858-1_5
Kobra, M. K., Bhuiyan, K. H., & Zayed, N. M. (2018). Well and woes of tourism promotion in Bangladesh: Investment perspective. Academy of Accounting and Financial Studies Journal22(3), 1-8. https://www.abacademies.org/articles/well-and-woes-of-tourism-promotion-in-bangladesh-investment-perspective-7256.html
Kostiukevych, R., Mishchuk, H., Zhidebekkyzy, A., Nakonieczny, J., & Akimov, O. (2020). The impact of European integration processes on the investment potential and institutional maturity of rural communities. Economics & Sociology, 13(3), 46-63. https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=976433
Kusio, T., Kudełko, J., Borges, A., Delic, A., & Stroila, I. (2022). Are there any differences in rural development challenges within European countries? Social and economic contexts from EU rural leaders. International Food and Agribusiness Management Review, 25(5), 737-756. https://doi.org/10.22434/IFAMR2021.0147
Li, W., & Goodman, L. (2014). Measuring mortgage credit availability using ex-ante probability of default. Washington, DC: Urban Institute. www.urban.org
Li, Yuheng, Hans Westlund, and Yansui Liu. (2019). Why some rural areas decline while some others not: An overview of rural evolution in the world. Journal of Rural Studies 68: 135–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2019.03.003
Ling, S. M., Ramchandran, S., Shuib, A., Nair, M., Syamsul, H. M. A., & Prabhakaran, S. (2013). Rural resources as tourism capital: The case of Setiu Wetlands, Terengganu, Malaysia. The Malaysian Forester76(1), 27-39. http://malaysianforester.my/forestry/archives_journal_volume.php?volume=76&nombor=1
Maja, M. M., & Ayano, S. F. (2021). The impact of population growth on natural resources and farmers’ capacity to adapt to climate change in low-income countries. Earth Systems and Environment, 5, 271-283. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41748-021-00209-6
Majewska, J. (2015). Inter-regional agglomeration effects in tourism in Poland. Tourism Geographies17(3), 408-436. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2014.997279
Mehdian Borujeni, M. & Ahmadvand, M. (2014). Analysis of Barriers and Challenges to Development of Rural Tourism in Dena Region: The Host Community's Perspective. Geography and Territorial Spatial Arrangement, 4(10), 113-128. doi: 10.22111/gaij.2014.1482 (In Persean).
Mehdian Borujeni, M. & Ahmadvand, M. (2014). Analysis of Barriers and Challenges to Development of Rural Tourism in Dena Region: The Host Community's Perspective. Geography and Territorial Spatial Arrangement, 4(10), 113-128. doi: 10.22111/gaij.2014.1482 (In Persean).
Merith, A. I., Masud, M. M., & Ching, G. H. (2020). Predominant Factors Affecting Community’s Willingness to Invest in Tourism Industry. SARJANA, 35(2), 52-67. http://jice.um.edu.my/index.php/SARJANA/article/view/28308
Najafi kani, A. (2018). A Study of Challenges and Opportunities for the Development of Tourism in Coastal Villages: The Case Study of Villages in Babolsar. Geographical Planning of Space, 8(27), 141-154. https://gps.gu.ac.ir/article_65975.html?lang=en
Naser, K. A. (2022). Drivers of sustainable development of rural tourism: European experience. Сервис в России и за рубежом, 16(1 (98)), 74-89. doi: 10.24412/1995-042X-2022-1-74-89
Okech, R., Haghiri, M., & George, B. P. (2015). Rural tourism as a sustainable development alternative: An analysis with special reference to Luanda, Kenya. CULTUR-Revista de Cultura e Turismo6(3), 36-54. https://periodicos.uesc.br/index.php/cultur/article/view/291
Ollivaud, P., & Haxton, P. (2019). Making the most of tourism in Indonesia to promote sustainable regional development. OECD Economics Department Working Papers, No. 1535, OECD Publishing, Paris. http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/c73325d9-en
Opria, A. M., Roșu, L., & Iațu, C. (2021). LEADER Program—An Inclusive or Selective Instrument for the Development of Rural Space in Romania?. Sustainability, 13(21), 12187. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132112187
Pantić, N., & Milojević, I. (2019). Investments and employment in tourism in the Republic of Serbia. Менаџмент у хотелијерству и туризму, 7(1), 95-104. DOI:10.5937/menhottur1901095P
Pasanchay, K., & Schott, C. (2021). Community-based tourism homestays' capacity to advance the Sustainable Development Goals: A holistic sustainable livelihood perspective. Tourism Management Perspectives, 37, 100784. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2020.100784
Pato, L. and Kastenholz, E. (2017), Marketing of rural tourism – a study based on rural tourism lodgings in Portugal, Journal of Place Management and Development, 10(2), 121-139. https://doi.org/10.1108/JPMD-06-2016-0037
Paul, B., & Sana, A. K. (2022). Does Physical Infrastructure Investment Facilitate Resilient and Sustainable Productivity in India? An Empirical Investigation. Productivity, 63(1). DOI:10.32381/PROD.2022.63.01.2
Peira, G., Longo, D., Pucciarelli, F., & Bonadonna, A. (2021). Rural tourism destination: The Ligurian farmers’ perspective. Sustainability, 13(24), 13684. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132413684
Puciato, D. (2016). Attractiveness of municipalities in South-Western Poland as determinants for hotel chain investments. Tourism Management57, 245-255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2016.06.019
Radović, G., Petrović, M. D., Demirović Bajrami, D., Radovanović, M., & Vuković, N. (2020). Can proper funding enhance sustainable tourism in rural settings? Evidence from a developing country. Sustainability, 12(18), 7797. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12187797
Rahman, M. K., & Hassan, A. (2021). Tourism as an element for economic growth in Bangladesh: Investment analysis for product and service development. In Tourism in Bangladesh: Investment and Development Perspectives (pp. 79-88). Springer, Singapore. DOI:10.1007/978-981-16-1858-1_6
Rahmati, M., pashazadeh, A., & afrousheh, R. (2021). Identify and Categorize the Challenges of Tourism Development in Germi City. Journal of Tourism and Development, 10(3), 81-95. (In Persian). 10.22034/jtd.2020.231781.2035
Ramon, I. O., & James, O. T. (2021). Counter-urbanization, entrepreneurship and sustainable rural development in developing countries: The Nigerian example. Urban and Regional Planning, 6(1), 47-56. doi: 10.11648/j.urp.20210601.15
Rastae, A., Hadyani, Z., & Tayebnia, S. H. (2021). The Effects Analysis of tourism on the host community in rural areas (Case study: Tamin village in Mirjaveh County). Village and Space Sustainable Development, 2(4), 57-78. (In Persian). doi: 10.22077/vssd.2022.4770.1042.
Rezvani, M. R., Najarzadeh, M., & Torabi, Z. A. (2016). Challenges and Issues of Development of Agricultural Tourism; Case Study: Shahrood Rural Areas. Article2, 84-61. (In Persean).
Rezvani, M. R., Najarzadeh, M., & Torabi, Z. A. (2016). Challenges and Issues of Development of Agricultural Tourism; Case Study: Shahrood Rural Areas. Article2, 84-61. (In Persean).
Safari Aliakbari, M. (2022). Analysis of smart tourism platform in tourism target villages and upcoming obstacles (Case study: Paveh county). Village and Space Sustainable Development, 3(4), 44-64. (In Persian) doi: 10.22077/vssd.2023.5697.1138.
Saghin, D., Lăzărescu, L. M., Diacon, L. D., & Grosu, M. (2022). Residents’ Perceptions of Tourism: A Decisive Variable in Stimulating Entrepreneurial Intentions and Activities in Tourism in the Mountainous Rural Area of the North-East Region of Romania. Sustainability, 14(16), 10282. Sustainability, 14(16), 10282; https://doi.org/10.3390/su141610282
Saleh, H., Abubakar, H., & Suriani, S. (2020). Determining factors affecting the interest in investment in Bulukumba area of South Sulawesi. Journal of Southwest Jiaotong University, 55(1). DOI:10.35741/issn.0258-2724.55.1.35
Shirkhani, S.; Fethi, S.; Alola, A.A. (2021). Tourism-Related Loans as a Driver of a Small Island Economy: A Case of Northern Cyprus. Sustainability, 13, 9508. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13179508
 Stancheva, A. (2022). Imagined “Rural Idyl”–New Resource for Entepreneursip in Rural Areas. Anthropology Journal, 9(1), 68-87. https://www.hrankoop.com/hrankoop/sofia/
Su, M. M., Wall, G., Wang, Y., & Jin, M. (2019). Livelihood sustainability in a rural tourism destination-Hetu Town, Anhui Province, China. Tourism Management, 71, 272-281. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2018.10.019
Su, Z., Wen, R., Zeng, Y., Ye, K., & Khotphat, T. (2022). The influence of seasonality on the sustainability of livelihoods of households in rural tourism destinations. Sustainability, 14(17), 10572. https://doi.org/10.3390/su141710572
Szczęsna, J., & Wesołowska, M. (2015). Tourism as a Chance for Development of Peripheral Rural Areas within the Eastern Part of Lubelskie Voivodship. Barometr Regionalny13(1), 85-90. https://doi.org/10.56583/br.967
Taghdisi, A., Goudarzi, S., & Beikmohammadi, H. (2015). Investigating the Challenges of Rural Tourism Development from the Viewpoints of People Living in Target Tourism Rural of West Azarbaijan Province. Spatial Planning, 5(1), 83-100. (In Persian). https://sppl.ui.ac.ir/article_16027.html?lang=en
The Statistical Center of Iran. (2016). General population and housing census: Qazvin province https://www.amar.org.ir/statistical-information
Theodos, B., Hangen, E., Hedman, C., & Meixell, B. (2018). Measuring Community Needs, Capital Flows, and Capital Gaps. Washington, DC: Urban Institute. available at: https://www.urban.org/sites/default/files/publication/99313/measuring_community_needs_capital_flows_and_capital_gaps.pdf
Ubels, H., Bock, B., & Haartsen, T. (2020). Non‐engagement of mid‐aged and elderly residents in rural civic livability initiatives. Rural sociology, 85(3), 730-756. https://doi.org/10.1111/ruso.12318
Viljoen, A., Saayman, A. & Saayman, M. (2019). Determinants influencing inbound arrivals to Africa. Tour. Econ., 25, 856–883. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354816618809840
Wardana, I. M., Sukaatmadja, I. P. G., Yasa, N. N. K., & Setini, M. (2020). Comparative and competitives advantages: perspective of rural tourism (study on tourism in the province of Bali Indonesia). Geo Journal of Tourism and Geosites, 33, 1493-1500. DOI 10.30892/gtg.334spl07-598
Wassie, S. B. (2020). Natural resource degradation tendencies in Ethiopia: a review. Environmental systems research, 9, 1-29. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40068-020-00194-1
Xie, Y., Meng, X., Cenci, J., & Zhang, J. (2022). Spatial pattern and formation mechanism of rural tourism resources in China: Evidence from 1470 national leisure villages. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, 11(8), 455. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi11080455
Zamani, Z., Einali, J., & Cheraghi, M. (2022). Assessing the COVID-19 Pandemic impact on the Sustainability of the Tourism Economy: (Case Study: Tourism Target Villages of Zanjan Province, Iran). journal of sustainable rural development, 6(2), 293-304. 20.1001.1.25383876.2022.6.2.11.4
Zare Chahoki, M. A. & Bi Hamta, M. R. (2010). Principles of Statistics in Natural Resource Sciences, Publications of University of Tehran Printing and Publishing Institute, Tehran, Iran. (In Persian).
Zarębski, P., Kwiatkowski, G., Malchrowicz-Mośko, E., & Oklevik, O. (2019). Tourism investment gaps in Poland. Sustainability11(22), 6188. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11226188
Zhang, R., & Smith, L. (2019). Bonding and dissonance: Rethinking the interrelations among stakeholders in heritage tourism. Tourism Management, 74, 212-223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2019.03.004
Zhou, J. (2021). Statistical research on the development of rural tourism economy industry under the background of big data. Mobile Information Systems, 2021, 1-11. DOI:10.1155/2021/9152173
Zielinski, S., Jeong, Y., Kim, S. I., & B. Milanés, C. (2020). Why community-based tourism and rural tourism in developing and developed nations are treated differently? A review. Sustainability, 12(15), 5938. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12155938